What does “call and response†refer to in music?
Space may seem like the well-nigh obvious matter ever to an external observer. You hitting the behemothic 'space' button, space appears, as expected, and you motility on. In reality, typing in spaces is quite tricky, and at that place are numerous means of going around information technology in HTML. Pick the wrong i, and what the browser renders on the recipient's end may ruin what you had in mind.
One of the standard entities used in HTML is  . Today, we'll explore what information technology is, when to apply it, and when to avert it. Nosotros'll also share several cool hacks for using spacing in diverse written forms.
The cardinal HTML entities
HTML entities are strings used to represent many reserved and invisible characters in HTML. These could be '<' or '>' symbols, currencies (e.g. '€' or '£'), and common signs such as quotation marks or, you guessed it, spaces.
If you lot were to employ either of the entities directly in the code, the browser would interpret them every bit HTML and return them accordingly. For instance, '<' or '>' would be likely to exist treated every bit the start or end of an HTML tag.
To make it articulate to each browser what it should return, nosotros employ HTML entities, and we wrap them in an ampersand (&) at the kickoff and a semicolon (;) at the end.
Here are some of the most mutual entities, along with the corresponding codes:
Name | HTML Entity | Entity Number |
Not-breaking space | | |
Less than (<) | < | < |
More than (>) | > | > |
Ampersand (&) | & | & |
Euro (€) | € | € |
Pound (£) | £ | £ |
double quotation marking (") | " | " |
single quotation mark (apostrophe) (') | ' | ' |
At that place are many more HTML entities though. This list should exist an first-class reference to keep in your bookmarks.
What does   mean?
  is actually i of the most frequently used HTML entities. Nbsp stands for not-breaking space, meaning that strings separated with this entity will not exist separated and put into separate lines.
To give you an example, let's look at the following sentence:
Beer in this store costs $ 5
On smaller screens, it could be cut into two parts, like this, for example:
Beer in this store costs $ five
Simply sometimes it could be cut like this, which is rather unfortunate.
Beer in this store costs $ five
To avoid such awkward collapses, we use the   entity to glue '$' and '5' to each other. When inserted in between those characters, the sentence could, at worst, collapse as follows:
Beer in this store costs $ five
But never in the manner described above.
Another, less common employ for   is for creating multiple spaces. If you lot were to use the regular ' ' space graphic symbol multiple times, a browser would ever parse it downwards to merely one space. So the following code:
Price of this beer: wait for information technology... v $
would still be rendered equally:
Cost of this beer: wait for it... five $
destroying your Barney Stinson moment. Coding it like this, though:
Toll of this beer: wait for information technology... five $
would give you the desired effect.
When not to use  
You've got to acknowledge, the code above is not very readable. At the same fourth dimension, creating multiple spaces with the employ of   is a poor design exercise. What may look OK on your screen is virtually certain to collapse in an uncontrollable way on the user's terminate because of the enormous multifariousness of screen sizes and resolutions.
Because of that, paddings, margins, or width are nearly always meliorate approaches when designing responsive pages. Nosotros'll hash out them all in the following affiliate.   is a useful way of keeping characters together, simply should probably exist used but for that purpose.
Other spaces available in HTML
When separating words or other elements, you're not limited just to a regular and non-breaking space. The list of available white space characters is very long. Here are some of the most commonly used ones:
Proper noun | HTML Entity | Entity Number |
En space |   | |
Em space |   | |
Narrow no-break space | – | |
3-per-em space |   | |
effigy space |   | |
punctuation infinite |   | |
thin space |   | |
hair space |   |
  in WordPress
WordPress's Gutenberg editor offers an easy way of inserting not-breaking spaces into articles. Instead of a space, press Option+Space on Mac or Ctrl+Shift+Infinite on Windows.
In the old HTML editor, this can be more tricky. You can try inserting   right into the editor. Yet, if your theme doesn't have CSS rules specifying how it should exist rendered (and many don't), you lot'll probably see a raw code displayed on the folio.
A more reliable solution may be a simple shortcode defined in the functions.php file of your theme:
//[nbsp] shortcode function nbsp_shortcode( $atts, $content = null ) { $content = ' '; return $content; } add_shortcode( 'nbsp', 'nbsp_shortcode' );
that you tin can and so call whenever you need a non-breaking space with '[nbsp]'.
(kudos to @bncpeter for the lawmaking)
Alternatively, you tin can use one of the popular text editors for WP that support   – for instance, EditorsKit, wp-Typography, or Advanced Editor Tools.
Spaces in HTML emails
Creating spaces in HTML emails is also far from straightforward. This is considering of a lack of standards that would be recognized by all major electronic mail clients. What works for Gmail or Outlook may cause some issues on Yahoo! Postal service, for case. And the other way around.
Email development, in general, is quite different from web development. All CSS goes inline. Buttons work differently. And, worst of all, everything is built on tables. The latter aspect, in detail, makes using   impractical.
It's withal alright to keep certain characters together. You can run a certain dandy electronic mail hack without it (nosotros're going to talk nigh that towards the end of the article). But, when formatting emails, you lot ought to apply unlike approaches.
All in all, we highly recommend testing each of the HTML emails you send with Mailtrap.
It's a pre-production testing environment that captures your outgoing emails and lets you inspect them for errors in HTML and CSS, amongst many other features. If a certain chemical element may cause errors in particular browsers, yous'll know about it correct away.
Here are the alternatives to   that we can certainly recommend:
Cellpadding
Cellpadding is an HTML attribute used to specify the distance (in pixels) between the call content and the wall. It's a universal solution for creating spaces because about all email clients back up tables. And if they do, they also recognize the cellpadding attribute and position the content co-ordinate to its value. For example:
cellpadding="12"
means there will exist a 12px distance betwixt the content and both of the walls either side of it.
The drawback of this approach is that information technology cannot exist overridden. Cellpadding is an HTML aspect. As such, CSS tin can't override it, particularly with its media queries.
Padding
Padding, on the other manus, is a CSS aspect that can be freely overridden. Padding is incredibly helpful when designing HTML emails for both web and mobile devices. In such a instance, it'south ever a good thought to use media queries to specify individual paddings for either version of a bulletin rather than rely on a one-size-fits-all approach.
The syntax of a CSS padding is very straightforward – for example:
style="padding:15px;"
As the arroyo lacks any significant drawbacks, it's arguable the all-time way to add together spacing, particularly in tabular array cells.
Empty cells
Another method is with <td> HTML tags. Normally, <td> tags ascertain typical data cells. When left empty, they create invisible cells that can exist used to create spacing. There are several reasons why this is a rarely used approach.
Commencement, and maybe most importantly, cells divers this way don't always retain their height. Some clients will respect them; others will omit the spacing created this fashion. There's a loftier probability that advisedly typed in <td>'s will event in no spacing at all, making your copy potentially unreadable.
What's more, using them requires building unabridged tables that you potentially wouldn't use otherwise. And, if you're coding for mobile (and who isn't?), you'll need to write new classes to control the invisible cells' acme and width – all of these, with no guarantee that the spacing will return in the first place.
Margin
Margin is a CSS element that is similar in a way to padding. The departure between the ii is that while padding adds spacing within a cell, margin does so outside it. The example syntax of margin looks as follows:
style="margin:10px;"
Margins are oft used in web development to create spacing between elements. Nevertheless, in electronic mail development, they fall short because of a lack of standards and inconsistencies betwixt email clients.
Suspension
The <br> tag is a popular way of creating spaces in HTML. While it'due south handy in blog posts such as this 1, there'southward a familiar problem that surfaces when trying to employ it in emails. Once more, e-mail clients care for information technology very differently. Some return wider gaps; some opt for more narrow space. As a result, it'southward about impossible to predict how an email will await on the recipient's cease.
Because of that, the <br> tag is only recommended when creating breaks between text.
Inspect Your Emails
Spacing between images in HTML
  is also non the right solution when trying to separate images. It works only with words and won't have whatever visible effect when placed betwixt media of any blazon. If you're building an HTML folio, ii previously mentioned approaches will do a better job:
- <br> is still an choice if you want to separate two or more vertically aligned images. As was the case higher up, the gap between elements separated with <br> may vary.
- Paddings and/or margins are nearly always a more than reliable approach. Here's an example of using margins and creating spacing higher up, below, on the left and on the right side of an prototype in question:
<<strong>img</strong> src="(image1.jpg)" fashion="margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;" >
How to remove spacing between images in HTML emails?
On the other hand, you may desire to get rid of the space that some email clients add together by default. It's a frequent issue with some versions of Outlook, but too with the ever-so-popular Gmail. There are several methods for tacking this in HTML.
Most oft, the gap appears considering images don't accept a proper styling tag. Since email clients aren't instructed how to render those images, they assign a 'display:in-cake' tag to each of them. As a result, a small gap appears around each image or other elements of an email. Yous can override it by inserting the 'display:block' tag for each image.
<<strong>img</strong> src="https://www.mailtrap.io/image1.jpg" style="display:block">
When you only have 2 images, another method would be to fix them to float accordingly. For example:
<<strong>img</strong> src="https://www.mailtrap.io/image1.jpg" way="bladder:right">
Make certain you add together those inline for each visual every bit Gmail doesn't offer back up for embedded and fashion sheets.
Alternatively, consider removing the paddings and gear up a low (<10px) line-peak above the container with an image. For example:
<<strong>td</strong> style="padding: 0; line-meridian: 5px;"> <<strong>img</stiff> src="http://www.mailtrap.io/image1.jpg" style="width: 600px; height: 274px; display: block;" alt="image1"> </<stiff>td</strong>>
&zwnj and   preheader hack
Preheader is a preview text that'south displayed by most email clients along with an e-mail subject. It has a pregnant impact on email conversion.
A random preheader text (usually "Non displaying correctly? …" or a repeated discipline) can discourage a reader from opening a message. A carefully crafted preheader giving an insight into what's inside a message can significantly heave the open rates.
Very often, email clients will grab the showtime couple of dozen characters from the beginning of a message and display it along with a bailiwick. By and large, this is not what y'all would hope to evidence in this very exposed spot.
Luckily, there's a straightforward hack yous can employ to your reward. It uses our favorite   tag along with its cousin, &zwjn (aught-width non-joiner). The former creates invisible spaces, as it always does. The latter guarantees that the email copy that follows won't be pulled into the preheader.
The idea is to create multiple repetitions of '‌ ' and insert a perfect preheader correct ahead of them. At the same time, because of the 'display: none' attribute, the preheader won't display in the actual email. Here's the case code:
<<strong>div</strong> style="display: none; max-peak: 0px; overflow: subconscious;"> This is our fantastic hidden preheader text </<strong>div</strong>> <<strong>div</stiff> mode="display: none; max-top: 0px; overflow: hidden;"> ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ </<strong>div</stiff>>
Notation that some ESPs such as MailChimp won't let y'all add together   nor &zwnj tags to its customizable "Preview text." It's easy to add them elsewhere though.
In MailChimp, drag a lawmaking cake right into the top of your email. Delete what appears in there and insert the identical code as in a higher place:
<<potent>div</strong> fashion="brandish: none; max-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;"> ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ </<stiff>div</strong>>
Wrapping up
As you tin can encounter higher up,   can exist useful at times, only, very often, there are better approaches available. Time will tell whether   will prevail or one of the more flexible solutions will completely override it.
If yous're interested in diving deeper into the topic, cheque out our guide on building HTML emails. If yous're struggling with Outlook, our commodity on fixing Outlook rendering issues may be of some help.
Until adjacent time!
Source: https://mailtrap.io/blog/nbsp/
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